{"id":252275,"date":"2024-11-19T14:14:00","date_gmt":"2024-11-19T13:14:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/legrandcontinent.eu\/fr\/?p=252275"},"modified":"2024-11-19T14:14:02","modified_gmt":"2024-11-19T13:14:02","slug":"comment-le-pcc-developpe-un-bouclier-ideologique-pour-isoler-lespace-numerique-chinois","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/legrandcontinent.eu\/fr\/2024\/11\/19\/comment-le-pcc-developpe-un-bouclier-ideologique-pour-isoler-lespace-numerique-chinois\/","title":{"rendered":"Comment le PCC d\u00e9veloppe un \u00ab&#160;bouclier id\u00e9ologique&#160;\u00bb pour isoler l\u2019espace num\u00e9rique chinois"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>En ao\u00fbt 2013, \u00e0 l\u2019occasion d\u2019un discours remarqu\u00e9, le secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du Parti communiste chinois (PCC) et jeune pr\u00e9sident d\u2019alors, Xi Jinping, conceptualisait sa vision d\u2019Internet en tant que principal champ de bataille de lutte pour l\u2019opinion publique. Xi repr\u00e9sentait cet espace en trois zones&#160;:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Une \u00ab&#160;zone rouge&#160;\u00bb, compos\u00e9e notamment des m\u00e9dias de propagande du PCC, qualifi\u00e9s de \u00ab&#160;forces positives en ligne&#160;\u00bb.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Une \u00ab&#160;zone noire&#160;\u00bb, qui regroupe les \u00ab&#160;opinions publiques fabriqu\u00e9es par les forces hostiles&#160;\u00bb (principalement les m\u00e9dias <em>mainstream <\/em>et agences de presse occidentales), et dont l\u2019objectif est de tenter de p\u00e9n\u00e9trer dans la zone rouge.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Entre les deux se trouve une \u00ab&#160;zone grise&#160;\u00bb, qui constitue le c\u0153ur du champ de bataille. Xi Jinping appelait alors \u00e0&#160;: \u00ab&#160;oser entrer dans la zone noire, creuser dans le ventre de la princesse \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9ventail de fer [\u94c1\u6247\u516c\u4e3b, l\u2019un des personnages du roman chinois du XVIe si\u00e8cle <em>La P\u00e9r\u00e9grination vers l&rsquo;Ouest<\/em>, de Wu Cheng&rsquo;en] pour nous battre, et la pousser progressivement \u00e0 changer de couleur&#160;\u00bb.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"iframe-container wp-block-image wp-block-image-medium  iframe-dw\">\n\t<div>\n\t\t<iframe class=\"absolute w-full h-full pin-t pin-l\" title=\"titolo\" aria-label=\"Interactive line chart\" src=\"\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/dev0F\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c0 cette \u00e9poque, Internet \u00e9tait principalement domin\u00e9 par des acteurs am\u00e9ricains&#160;: Facebook (lanc\u00e9 en 2004), YouTube (2005), Twitter (2006) ou encore Instagram (2010). Les trois premiers ont \u00e9t\u00e9 interdits en Chine \u00e0 partir de 2009 (2014 pour Instagram), mais des dizaines de millions de Chinois acc\u00e8dent toujours \u00e0 ces plateformes via des VPN. Leurs \u00e9quivalents chinois (WeChat, Weibo, Kuaishou\u2026) ont pour la plupart \u00e9merg\u00e9 au tournant des ann\u00e9es 2010.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u2019est \u00e0 ce moment, en 2012, que le Comit\u00e9 permanent de l&rsquo;Assembl\u00e9e nationale populaire chinoise a impl\u00e9ment\u00e9 les premi\u00e8res \u00ab&#160;politiques d\u2019enregistrement des noms r\u00e9els&#160;\u00bb (RNR).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Les RNR consistent en un ensemble de mesures qui contraignent les utilisateurs \u00e0 fournir leur identit\u00e9 lorsqu\u2019ils s\u2019inscrivent sur des services en ligne, et notamment sur des r\u00e9seaux sociaux.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ces politiques visent \u00e0 interdire l\u2019anonymat en ligne afin de maintenir un contr\u00f4le gouvernemental total sur les cyber activit\u00e9s de la population.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Aujourd\u2019hui, les trois-quarts (75&#160;%) des applications en ligne d\u00e9velopp\u00e9es par des entreprises chinoises ont impl\u00e9ment\u00e9 ces politiques&nbsp;<span class='whitespace-nowrap'><span id='easy-footnote-1-252275' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote note-digits-1'><a href='https:\/\/legrandcontinent.eu\/fr\/2024\/11\/19\/comment-le-pcc-developpe-un-bouclier-ideologique-pour-isoler-lespace-numerique-chinois\/#easy-footnote-bottom-1-252275' title='Sam Ju, &lt;em&gt;et. al.&lt;\/em&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.opentech.fund\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Blocked-by-Numbers-English.pdf&quot;&gt;Blocked by Numbers&amp;#160;: The Impact of Real-Name Registration Policies on Transnational Access to Chinese Social Media Apps&lt;\/a&gt;, 12 novembre 2024.'><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"iframe-container wp-block-image wp-block-image-medium  iframe-dw\">\n\t<div>\n\t\t<iframe class=\"absolute w-full h-full pin-t pin-l\" title=\"titolo\" aria-label=\"Interactive line chart\" src=\"\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/MxUmT\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Ces derni\u00e8res contribuent \u00e0 isoler le cyberespace chinois en compliquant l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 ces plateformes pour les utilisateurs \u00e9trangers. De la m\u00eame mani\u00e8re, elles placent les utilisateurs chinois dans une relation de d\u00e9pendance vis-\u00e0-vis de ces plateformes \u2014 qui concentrent parfois des services essentiels \u00e0 la vie en Chine, notamment WeChat. Ces derniers se trouvent parfois contraints de devoir s\u2019excuser publiquement afin de r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 leur compte banni pour avoir critiqu\u00e9 le Parti ou publi\u00e9 des vid\u00e9os de manifestations contre Xi Jinping&nbsp;<span class='whitespace-nowrap'><span id='easy-footnote-2-252275' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote note-digits-1'><a href='https:\/\/legrandcontinent.eu\/fr\/2024\/11\/19\/comment-le-pcc-developpe-un-bouclier-ideologique-pour-isoler-lespace-numerique-chinois\/#easy-footnote-bottom-2-252275' title='Viola Zhou, \u00ab&amp;#160;&lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/restofworld.org\/2022\/handwritten-wechat-apology-letters\/&quot;&gt;\u201cPlease give me a chance\u201d&amp;#160;: WeChat users are handwriting apologies to get their banned accounts back&lt;\/a&gt;&amp;#160;\u00bb, &lt;em&gt;Rest of World&lt;\/em&gt;, 8 novembre 2022.'><sup>2<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>La politique de contr\u00f4le des discours en ligne mise en place par le PCC conduit \u00e0 un d\u00e9clin de l\u2019utilisation d\u2019applications chinoises&#160;: apr\u00e8s avoir bri\u00e8vement d\u00e9pass\u00e9 leurs concurrents am\u00e9ricains en 2016, celles-ci connaissent une baisse de popularit\u00e9 depuis 2020.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>En choisissant quels utilisateurs \u00e9trangers peuvent acc\u00e9der \u00e0 l\u2019espace num\u00e9rique chinois \u2014 les habitants de certains pays d\u2019Afrique subsaharienne ou d\u2019Asie-Pacifique peuvent s\u2019inscrire sur certaines applications interdites aux utilisateurs europ\u00e9ens \u2014, P\u00e9kin dessine une nouvelle fronti\u00e8re dont les contours correspondent \u00e0 la sph\u00e8re d\u2019influence chinoise.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>La d\u00e9finition d\u2019un nouvel espace centralis\u00e9 s\u2019inscrit dans la strat\u00e9gie chinoise plus large de s\u2019imposer comme un pr\u00e9curseur et un acteur global en mati\u00e8re de red\u00e9finition de la gouvernance cybern\u00e9tique. Les normes chinoises restent cependant, jusqu\u2019\u00e0 maintenant, largement circonscrites \u00e0 ses fronti\u00e8res nationales&nbsp;<span class='whitespace-nowrap'><span id='easy-footnote-3-252275' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote note-digits-1'><a href='https:\/\/legrandcontinent.eu\/fr\/2024\/11\/19\/comment-le-pcc-developpe-un-bouclier-ideologique-pour-isoler-lespace-numerique-chinois\/#easy-footnote-bottom-3-252275' title='CHEN, Xuechen et GAO, Xinchuchu ,\u00ab&amp;#160;&lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/watermark.silverchair.com\/iiae237.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAA00wggNJBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggM6MIIDNgIBADCCAy8GCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMIhrKxTPpWfQYQ4z0AgEQgIIDAMocxacbpdp4ga8OZtc_eR5L8Q5jaIyeFffuGAQPPeGYit22av9bgQN6zKkI4txlUubi2b6rmtTidTM2aH7blpq6o5NMfgcAMzFUELdBkYChkk0LnFB1mJ9ZbsmHQMIY02dgl9K-mrJi9x1eWuXslO8QyYrSeJxsTpNZDh2aIsy46piFArmeB_QrzntB3c8UippfhqfvPohI5mB0W03ADOPLQQnkkZRIOjrfkDvZ-zJAOAJVdXwG7bK0EH0xVHMSjVZ_tAsm77oFsATWLP6OXD48V7SS9C3F4oNJQWHovb_Vr6otmE881UvBVXSdOB1AIX63Tk91K1HXukK4fej4U48SxTHMb6m5c8Kn2KcWOLd1nA16_Cf1W9pg8wZgeoUCAvLICldeSKyC7P5FhucVdyPYMqbfk2Eq94WiFlobbeebtj5tvmZ0HcKLaG0ZUFPSsTIPFKDZm6UIxqtRJO8wTfK6Ed_8mumSuAH_BI-6kOSBvJIgk04UY6gycZmUQUwUIGULjFRj-Ue-Xzhog_55qtPslRtZwIxo190eFl48XxbYpyP4dRnW7Z_tfq9B1Gr-afeCiWBj4oT58sLV5eFoYZOqhMGqPSx7AbdmYhrJ2Zq_mQSz0UfL1RcQCZhpZtEzeHlhuZeTc0FaAQkv1Jcnqap299iWdH-UpuIyfh7dREhNriNOYI4UiKZSoDkDkjZbjFm6moE5Z1WtYm3YTuF-etmOjLU6AjMTTAt3QMELH8jcyWLUDCfk7oHRW_S6rF5qQdFEFwps3tqGC15FrSvrGlOtvlHMYAUQSwQ55MwfsyZSAPsI4Ys0LrJLljUkGLT6ISIIMc69EvUrN2YcbXJtcfq7J-QtJGizGpT5Aez3azi1Vx0exMFt_qmgx50ewppBxpGMaaNySKY_ClJynapIXDshIy__mac_o8k9J0f5Jv8yQVFTDrMRTRhB7kP15CLB32fkfOtImpYfvSiEoBPqPWzc_KDZTQXvV2Rr51iPwh2EweJb__gIDTig3W6gDMWRAg&quot;&gt;Norm diffusion in cyber governance&amp;#160;: China as an emerging norm entrepreneur&amp;#160;?&lt;\/a&gt;&amp;#160;\u00bb, &lt;em&gt;International Affairs&lt;\/em&gt;, 2024, vol. 100, no 6, p. 2419-2440.'><sup>3<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Les trois-quarts des applications chinoises disposent d\u00e9sormais de politiques RNR qui contraignent les utilisateurs \u00e0 fournir leur identit\u00e9 au moment de l\u2019inscription afin que le PCC puisse maintenir un contr\u00f4le sur les cyber activit\u00e9s de la population chinoise. En choisissant quels utilisateurs \u00e9trangers peuvent acc\u00e9der \u00e0 son espace num\u00e9rique, P\u00e9kin dessine une nouvelle fronti\u00e8re dont les contours correspondent \u00e0 sa sph\u00e8re d\u2019influence.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2622,"featured_media":252273,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"templates\/post-briefings.php","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_trash_the_other_posts":false,"_yoast_wpseo_estimated-reading-time-minutes":4,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1729],"tags":[],"staff":[],"editorial_format":[4942],"serie":[],"audience":[],"geo":[531],"class_list":["post-252275","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-numerique","editorial_format-actu-breves","geo-chine"],"acf":{"open_in_webview":false,"accent":false,"_thumbnail_id":252273,"excerpt":"Les trois-quarts des applications chinoises disposent d\u00e9sormais de politiques RNR qui contraignent les utilisateurs \u00e0 fournir leur identit\u00e9 au moment de l\u2019inscription afin que le PCC puisse maintenir un contr\u00f4le sur les cyber activit\u00e9s de la population chinoise. En choisissant quels utilisateurs \u00e9trangers peuvent acc\u00e9der \u00e0 son espace num\u00e9rique, P\u00e9kin dessine une nouvelle fronti\u00e8re dont les contours correspondent \u00e0 sa sph\u00e8re d\u2019influence.","display_date":"","new_abstract":true},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Comment le PCC d\u00e9veloppe un \u00abbouclier id\u00e9ologique\u00bb pour isoler l\u2019espace num\u00e9rique chinois | Le Grand Continent<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/legrandcontinent.eu\/fr\/2024\/11\/19\/comment-le-pcc-developpe-un-bouclier-ideologique-pour-isoler-lespace-numerique-chinois\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Comment le PCC d\u00e9veloppe un \u00abbouclier id\u00e9ologique\u00bb pour isoler l\u2019espace num\u00e9rique chinois | Le Grand Continent\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Les trois-quarts des applications chinoises disposent d\u00e9sormais de politiques RNR qui contraignent les utilisateurs \u00e0 fournir leur identit\u00e9 au moment de l\u2019inscription afin que le PCC puisse maintenir un contr\u00f4le sur les cyber activit\u00e9s de la population chinoise. En choisissant quels utilisateurs \u00e9trangers peuvent acc\u00e9der \u00e0 son espace num\u00e9rique, P\u00e9kin dessine une nouvelle fronti\u00e8re dont les contours correspondent \u00e0 sa sph\u00e8re d\u2019influence.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/legrandcontinent.eu\/fr\/2024\/11\/19\/comment-le-pcc-developpe-un-bouclier-ideologique-pour-isoler-lespace-numerique-chinois\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Le Grand Continent\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-19T13:14:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-19T13:14:02+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/legrandcontinent.eu\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/11\/gc-share-champ-de-bataille-Xi.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1750\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"980\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta 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un \u00abbouclier id\u00e9ologique\u00bb pour isoler l\u2019espace num\u00e9rique chinois | Le Grand Continent","og_description":"Les trois-quarts des applications chinoises disposent d\u00e9sormais de politiques RNR qui contraignent les utilisateurs \u00e0 fournir leur identit\u00e9 au moment de l\u2019inscription afin que le PCC puisse maintenir un contr\u00f4le sur les cyber activit\u00e9s de la population chinoise. 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