{"id":179682,"date":"2023-03-14T19:22:05","date_gmt":"2023-03-14T18:22:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/legrandcontinent.eu\/fr\/?p=179682"},"modified":"2023-03-14T19:22:06","modified_gmt":"2023-03-14T18:22:06","slug":"la-chine-cherche-a-exercer-un-plus-grand-controle-sur-les-cables-sous-marins","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/legrandcontinent.eu\/fr\/2023\/03\/14\/la-chine-cherche-a-exercer-un-plus-grand-controle-sur-les-cables-sous-marins\/","title":{"rendered":"La Chine cherche \u00e0 exercer un plus grand contr\u00f4le sur les c\u00e2bles sous-marins"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Les c\u00e2bles sous-marins servent \u00e0 faire transiter plus de 98&#160;% donn\u00e9es mondiales. La quasi-totalit\u00e9 des activit\u00e9s en ligne impliquent le transit de donn\u00e9es via ces derniers&#160;: commandes sur internet, envoi de mail mais \u00e9galement paiements par carte bancaire. Il n\u2019existe pas \u00e0 ce jour d\u2019alternative technologique permettant le transit d\u2019un nombre si important de donn\u00e9es en un temps aussi court&nbsp;<span class='whitespace-nowrap'><span id='easy-footnote-1-179682' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote note-digits-1'><a href='https:\/\/legrandcontinent.eu\/fr\/2023\/03\/14\/la-chine-cherche-a-exercer-un-plus-grand-controle-sur-les-cables-sous-marins\/#easy-footnote-bottom-1-179682' title='Adam Satariano, Karl Russell, Troy Griggs et Blacki Migliozzi, \u00ab&amp;#160;&lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2019\/03\/10\/technology\/internet-cables-oceans.html&quot;&gt;How the Internet Travels Across Oceans&lt;\/a&gt;&amp;#160;\u00bb, &lt;em&gt;The New York Times&lt;\/em&gt;, 10 mars 2019.'><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ces c\u00e2bles peuvent \u00eatre sabot\u00e9s pour couper les flux d\u2019informations ou bien \u00ab&#160;plac\u00e9s sur \u00e9coute&#160;\u00bb afin de capter l\u2019information qui y transite \u2014 ce que la Chine redoute.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Les c\u00e2bles sous-marins ne jouissent pas encore de protection claire en droit international, bien que le premier trait\u00e9 \u2014 sign\u00e9 par 36 pays dont les \u00c9tats-Unis et la Russie, mais pas la Chine \u2014 remonte \u00e0 1884&nbsp;<span class='whitespace-nowrap'><span id='easy-footnote-2-179682' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote note-digits-1'><a href='https:\/\/legrandcontinent.eu\/fr\/2023\/03\/14\/la-chine-cherche-a-exercer-un-plus-grand-controle-sur-les-cables-sous-marins\/#easy-footnote-bottom-2-179682' title='&lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/cil.nus.edu.sg\/databasecil\/1884-convention-for-the-protection-of-submarine-telegraph-cables\/&quot;&gt;Convention for the Protection of Submarine Telegraph Cables&lt;\/a&gt;, National University of Singapore.'><sup>2<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Il existe encore des zones grises, notamment en ce qui concerne la nationalit\u00e9 d\u2019un c\u00e2ble (surtout ceux financ\u00e9s ou g\u00e9r\u00e9s par des multinationales ou par des consortiums), ainsi que de leur nature militaire ou civile (double usage dans beaucoup de cas).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Les projets ainsi que la gestion des c\u00e2bles sous-marins constituent un terrain d\u2019affrontement de la <a href=\"https:\/\/legrandcontinent.eu\/fr\/2022\/11\/01\/jake-sullivan-la-guerre-technologique-entre-washington-et-pekin\/\">guerre technologique<\/a> que se livrent Washington et P\u00e9kin. En 2020, les \u00c9tats-Unis ont commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 bloquer l\u2019implication de la Chine dans les projets de consortium installant et exploitant ces c\u00e2bles et ont \u00e9galement refus\u00e9 la construction de nouveaux c\u00e2bles reliant les deux pays.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>R\u00e9cemment, la Chine a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 entraver les projets de pose et d&rsquo;entretien de c\u00e2bles sous-marins en mer de Chine m\u00e9ridionale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>P\u00e9kin met en place des exigences plus strictes pour l\u2019octroi de permis permettant leur installation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Selon le droit international, seulement les projets de c\u00e2bles situ\u00e9s dans un rayon de 12 milles nautiques autour du territoire d&rsquo;un pays sont concern\u00e9s par ces permis. Cependant, la Chine demande \u00e9galement des autorisations pour les projets passant par les eaux territoriales qu\u2019elle revendique en mer de Chine m\u00e9ridionale \u2014 en violation apparente du droit maritime international.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"iframe-container wp-block-image wp-block-image-medium \">\n\t<div>\n\t\t<iframe class=\"absolute w-full h-full pin-t pin-l\" title=\"titolo\" aria-label=\"Interactive line chart\" src=\"\/\/flo.uri.sh\/visualisation\/12335090\/embed\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Afin de s\u2019adapter, certaines entreprises modifient les itin\u00e9raires initialement pr\u00e9vus de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 \u00e9viter les zones \u00e9conomiques exclusives chinoises mais \u00e9galement les zones revendiqu\u00e9es par P\u00e9kin en mer de Chine m\u00e9ridionale. Le projet de c\u00e2ble Southeast Asia-Japan Cable 2, ou SJC2 (d\u00e9tenu en partie par des entreprises chinoises, am\u00e9ricaines et ta\u00efwanaises comme China Mobile, Chunghwa Telecom et Meta) aurait ainsi \u00e9t\u00e9 retard\u00e9 de plus d\u2019un an en raison des \u00ab&#160;objections de la Chine&#160;\u00bb et de probl\u00e8mes li\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019octroi de permis&nbsp;<span class='whitespace-nowrap'><span id='easy-footnote-3-179682' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote note-digits-1'><a href='https:\/\/legrandcontinent.eu\/fr\/2023\/03\/14\/la-chine-cherche-a-exercer-un-plus-grand-controle-sur-les-cables-sous-marins\/#easy-footnote-bottom-3-179682' title='Anna Gross, Alexandra Heal, Demetri Sevastopulo, Kathrin Hille et Mercedes Ruehl, \u00ab&amp;#160;&lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/89bc954d-64ed-4d80-bb8f-9f1852ec4eb1?accessToken=zwAAAYbgm5xhkdOJvJVNZO1NgNO7j58YUuxOsQ.MEYCIQDAkEFpjauBTTTLlhOsxB_z2hx-pUJwHJ3uozS-sFk2AgIhAPfidFgvR2urgSgYNzaW1vHGI57PHvmgRCJl7GF0ol4h&amp;amp;sharetype=gift&amp;amp;token=13e2b0da-3472-4944-8280-eab5a126f6c2&quot;&gt;China exerts control over internet cable projects in South China Sea&lt;\/a&gt;&amp;#160;\u00bb, &lt;em&gt;Financial Times&lt;\/em&gt;, 13 mars 2023.'><sup>3<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>En f\u00e9vrier dernier, des b\u00e2teaux chinois (un navire de p\u00eache puis un cargo) ont <a href=\"https:\/\/legrandcontinent.eu\/fr\/2023\/02\/24\/la-chine-cette-semaine-en-10-points-22\/\">coup\u00e9 deux c\u00e2bles sous-marins<\/a> reliant des \u00eeles ta\u00efwanaises de l\u2019archipel Mazu \u00e0 la Chine continentale, entravant ainsi l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 internet. Si ces connexions sont r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement soumises \u00e0 des accidents, l\u2019intervalle de seulement six jours entre les deux coupures sugg\u00e8re qu\u2019elles auraient pu \u00eatre intentionnelles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ta\u00efwan constitue un hub majeur pour les c\u00e2bles sous-marins en r\u00e9gion Indo-Pacifique et cristallise les tensions avec la Chine dans le d\u00e9troit de Formose.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>L\u2019\u00eele abrite deux centres de donn\u00e9es d\u2019importante envergure et est reli\u00e9e \u00e0 15 c\u00e2bles sous-marins.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>D\u2019autres c\u00e2bles de ce type sont actuellement en cours d\u2019installation, comme le c\u00e2ble Apricot, qui vise \u00e0 relier Singapour, le Japon, Guam, les Philippines, Ta\u00efwan et l&rsquo;Indon\u00e9sie d&rsquo;ici \u00e0 2024&nbsp;<span class='whitespace-nowrap'><span id='easy-footnote-4-179682' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote note-digits-1'><a href='https:\/\/legrandcontinent.eu\/fr\/2023\/03\/14\/la-chine-cherche-a-exercer-un-plus-grand-controle-sur-les-cables-sous-marins\/#easy-footnote-bottom-4-179682' title='Matthew P. Goodman et Matthew Wayland, \u00ab&amp;#160;&lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com\/s3fs-public\/publication\/220405_Goodman_SecuringAsia_SubseaNetwork_0.pdf?VersionId=SHc1AQZLEOcnz1yT9a8qnJbD489cJ0qb&quot;&gt;Securing Asia\u2019s Subsea Network U.S. Interests and Strategic Options&lt;\/a&gt;&amp;#160;\u00bb, Center for Strategic and International Studies, avril 2022.'><sup>4<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Apricot est le premier c\u00e2ble sous-marin intra-asiatique qui ne traverse pas la mer de Chine m\u00e9ridionale.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Le projet de c\u00e2ble Echo \u2014 en construction \u00e9galement \u2014, qui relie Singapour au Japon et aux \u00c9tats-Unis, illustre lui aussi ces nouvelles strat\u00e9gies d\u2019\u00e9vitement de la mer de Chine m\u00e9ridionale.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"iframe-container wp-block-image wp-block-image-medium  iframe-dw\">\n\t<div>\n\t\t<iframe class=\"absolute w-full h-full pin-t pin-l\" title=\"titolo\" aria-label=\"Interactive line chart\" src=\"\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/LUAY6\/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>La strat\u00e9gie chinoise passe \u00e9galement par la surveillance des entit\u00e9s charg\u00e9es du d\u00e9veloppement et de l&rsquo;exploitation des c\u00e2bles sous-marins. En effet, P\u00e9kin cherche \u00e0 impliquer ses entreprises et navires dans ce type de projet afin de pouvoir, \u00e9ventuellement, influencer ou surveiller ces infrastructures critiques.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>P\u00e9kin limite les projets de nouveaux c\u00e2bles sous-marins passant par la mer de Chine m\u00e9ridionale par crainte de l\u2019installation de syst\u00e8mes de surveillance \u2014 particuli\u00e8rement par les \u00c9tats-Unis.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2622,"featured_media":179681,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"templates\/post-briefings.php","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_trash_the_other_posts":false,"_yoast_wpseo_estimated-reading-time-minutes":4,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1729],"tags":[],"staff":[],"editorial_format":[4942],"serie":[],"audience":[],"geo":[531],"class_list":["post-179682","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-numerique","editorial_format-actu-breves","geo-chine"],"acf":{"open_in_webview":false,"accent":false,"_thumbnail_id":179681,"excerpt":"P\u00e9kin limite les projets de nouveaux c\u00e2bles sous-marins passant par la mer de Chine m\u00e9ridionale par crainte de l\u2019installation de syst\u00e8mes de surveillance \u2014 particuli\u00e8rement par les \u00c9tats-Unis.","display_date":"","new_abstract":true},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the 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